Abstract
Currently, many peptide vaccines are undergoing clinical studies. Most of these vaccines were developed to activate cytotoxic T cells; however, the response is not robust. Unlike vaccines, anti-cancer antibodies based on passive immunity have been approved as a standard treatment. Since passive immunity is more effective in tumor treatment, the evidence suggests that limited B cell epitope-based peptide vaccines may have similar activity. Nevertheless, such peptide vaccines have not been intensively developed primarily because humoral immunity is thought to be preferable to cancer progression. B cells secrete cytokines, which suppress immune functions. This review discusses the possibility of therapeutic antibody induction by a peptide vaccine and the role of active and passive B cell immunity in cancer patients. We also discuss the use of humanized mice as a pre-clinical model. The necessity of a better understanding of the activity of B cells in cancer is also discussed.
Highlights
While a long history of cancer research has clarified many of the mechanisms underlying cancer immunoediting, a T cell-based peptide vaccine that results in cytotoxic T cell activation is not consideredAntibodies 2015, 4 an effective component of anti-cancer therapy [1,2]
For breast cancer peptide vaccines, Mittendorf et al reported that the clinical trials of peptide vaccine immunoadjuvant therapy (E75 and GP2; the epitope peptide is shown in Figure 2) were effective for recurrence prevention [16]
programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression by lymphocytes in tumor parenchyma and PD-L1 expression in the tumor invasive margin correlate positively with the effectiveness of these antibodies, along with CD8 T cell infiltration [40]. This evidence suggests that when CD8 T cells infiltrate a tumor or the tumor stroma, the T cells are induced to be anergic by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, the antibody can disturb the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1 and effectively induce anti-cancer effects
Summary
While a long history of cancer research has clarified many of the mechanisms underlying cancer immunoediting, a T cell-based peptide vaccine that results in cytotoxic T cell activation is not considered. Antibodies 2015, 4 an effective component of anti-cancer therapy [1,2]. Quality of life might be improved by active immunization, which would lead to the production of anti-cancer T cells and antibodies; clinical tests have failed to report sufficient responses in a wide variety of patient populations. Immune checkpoints in the early naive and late effector phases may suppress cancer cell rejection. If these checkpoints are removed, rejection may occur without further induction of antigen-specific T effector cells or antibodies. B cell epitope-based vaccines may help to induce anti-cancer effects in patients overexpressing Her.
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