Azaspiracid variability of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the China Sea

Abstract

Azadinium poporum is a small dinoflagellate from the family Amphidomataceae which is known for the potential production of azaspiracids (AZAs) causative of azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP). A. poporum has been recorded from European and western Pacific waters. Here we report on the high variability of toxin profiles within this species in Chinese coastal waters. Out of 16 analyzed strains of A. poporum from different geographic locations along the Chinese coastline, three strains proved not to contain AZAs, whereas 13 strains contained different combinations of AZA-2, AZA-11, AZA-36, a yet unknown isomer of AZA-1 (named AZA-40) and new AZA with yet unreported molecular mass of 853Da (named AZA-41). The new AZA-40, other than AZA-1 itself, belongs to the recently discovered “348-type” group, which in tandem mass spectrometry displays a group 4 fragment with m/z 348 instead of the group 4 fragment of the classic AZAs with m/z 362, indicating a shift of a methyl group from the C24–C40 part of the molecule (rings F–I) to the C2–C9 part (carboxylic side chain and ring A). AZA-41 apparently is a dehydro variant of AZA-2. In addition, a previously reported AZA with a molecular mass 871DA could be unambiguously assigned to AZA-11, which is known to be a shellfish metabolite of AZA-2. This is the first report of AZA-11 being also de novo synthetized by dinoflagellates.