Abstract
Phthalocyanines and porphyrazines as macrocyclic aza-analogues of well-known porphyrins were deposited on diverse carbon-based nanomaterials and investigated as sensing devices. The extended π-conjugated electron system of these macrocycles influences their ability to create stable hybrid systems with graphene or carbon nanotubes commonly based on π–π stacking interactions. During a 15-year period, the electrodes modified by deposition of these systems have been applied for the determination of diverse analytes, such as food pollutants, heavy metals, catecholamines, thiols, glucose, peroxides, some active pharmaceutical ingredients, and poisonous gases. These procedures have also taken place, on occasion, in the presence of various polymers, ionic liquids, and other moieties. In the review, studies are presented that were performed for sensing purposes, involving azaporphyrins embedded on graphene, graphene oxide or carbon nanotubes (both single and multi-walled ones). Moreover, possible methods of electrode fabrication, limits of detection of each analyte, as well as examples of macrocyclic compounds applied as sensing materials, are critically discussed.
Highlights
Electrochemical biosensors have gained wide acceptance in diagnostics due to their advantages as simple, real-time, rapid, and economic systems
The obtained hybrid material was used to modify the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, which showed fast electron cobalt(II) phthalocyanine with 3-trifluoromethylphenoxy substituents was embedded on non-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by π–π stacking interaction
The surface of basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) disc in Teflon® was covered by a mixture of tetrasulfo-substituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine and iron(III) tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin embedded on MWCNTs
Summary
Electrochemical biosensors have gained wide acceptance in diagnostics due to their advantages as simple, real-time, rapid, and economic systems. Several materials for modifying electrodes, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and silica nanostructures or their hybrids, have been widely used [1,2,3]. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) present unique electrochemical properties, including high effective surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and adsorption capability, making them potential candidates for electrochemical sensing [4]. The modification of electrode surfaces enhancing their of sensing properties can alsoconbe obtained by different porphyrinoids [6,7]. Other methods consist ofmethods layer by consist layer electrostatic [13], imassembly [13],inimmobilization in conducting polymer [14], in situ cyclotetramermobilization conducting polymer matrix [14], in situmatrix cyclotetramerization of macrocyization of macrocycle on the surface of carbon-based nanomaterial [15]. Is divided into sections presenting the detection of distinct groups of analytes
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