Azadirachta indica Reduces Black Sigatoka in East African Highland Banana by Direct Antimicrobial Effects against Mycosphaerella fijiensis without Inducing Resistance

Alfred Kumakech,Hans J L Jørgensen,David B Collinge,Richard Edema,Patrick Okori

doi:10.5539/jas.v9n4p61

Alfred Kumakech, Hans J L Jørgensen + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n4p61

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Abstract

Black Sigatoka is a major disease of East African highland cooking bananas in Uganda. Aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Capsicum annuum have shown the potential to reduce Black Sigatoka in banana plantlets. The mechanisms by which plant extracts confer protection against plant pathogens has previously been reported to involve activation of defence and direct antimicrobial activity. In the current study, both antimicrobial activities of selected extracts were studied as well as expression of three defence-related genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Gene expression was compared in susceptible (cv. Musakala, genomic group AAA-EA) and resistant (cv. Kayinja, genomic group ABB) banana cultivars. Additionally, Musakala treated with A indica extract at 1 day before inoculation (DBI) was tested for induction of defence-related genes at 0, 10 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI). Pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 and PR-3) and non-expressor of PR-genes (NPR1B) were up-regulated in the resistant cultivar. The genes analysed responded at late time points to M. fijiensis inoculation in both extract-treated and control plants in the susceptible cv. Musakala. On the other hand, A. indica and C. annuum completely inhibited mycelial growth of M. fijiensis at 30% (w/v). These findings suggest that the effect of plant extracts on Black Sigatoka is strongly associated with the direct antimicrobial effects.

Highlights

Bananas and plantains constitute major tropical food crops and Black Sigatoka, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is economically the most destructive foliar disease of bananas and plantains worldwide (Friesen, 2016; Portal et al, 2011)
The fungicidal activities of extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves, Capsicum annuum fruits and Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark were tested to understand their ability to inhibit the vegetative forms of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, which was immersed in extract solutions (20% w/v) for different time periods (1, 2 and 4 h) (Table 2)
Direct antimicrobial activities of A. indica, C. annuum and C. zeylanicum were seen on M. fijiensis

Summary

Introduction

Bananas and plantains constitute major tropical food crops and Black Sigatoka, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is economically the most destructive foliar disease of bananas and plantains worldwide (Friesen, 2016; Portal et al, 2011). The fungus stays in this phase for 3-4 weeks before any necrotic lesions appear (Lepoivre et al, 2003). When the apoplast is depleted of nutrients, the fungus switches to the necrotrophic phase in which it is predicted that toxins targeting the chloroplasts play an important role (Harelimana et al, 1997). Knowledge derived from plant-pathogen interaction studies is highly important for the rational selection of genotypes resistant to plant pathogens (Lepoivre et al, 2003).

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