Ayahuasca: Friend or Foe?

Abstract

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article CommentaryNo AccessAyahuasca: Friend or Foe?Gerard I. Fernando, M.D.Gerard I. FernandoSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:26 Apr 2017https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.110605AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Ayahuasca is an entheogenic brew that is used as a medicinal sacrament and for ritualistic purposes among religious groups in South America. In the last decade, people from all walks of life, usually in their 20s and 30s, from North America and Europe have started to seek access to the substance. Many have traveled to South America, notably Brazil and Peru, to participate in the ayahuasca ritual.Once consumed, it induces hallucinations and spiritual experiences that are thought to be due to increased introspection. Effects begin about 30 minutes after consumption and can last up to 8 hours. Ayahuasca can contain the Banisteriopsis caapi vine alone, which contains monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)-inhibiting beta-carbolines, but is often combined with Chacruna (Psychotria viridis) or Chagropanga leaves, which have high concentrations of the psychedelic compound N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (1). Alone, DMT is made inactive by intestinal MAO-A metabolism; therefore, it is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor to allow absorption of the active substance. Once it crosses the blood-brain barrier, DMT acts as a 5-HT1A/2A/2C agonist and a mGluR2 agonist. There is increased blood flow to the frontal and paralimbic brain areas after ingestion, specifically bilateral activation of the anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate/medial frontal gyrus in the right hemisphere, and amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus in the left hemisphere (2). These areas have previously been implicated in somatic awareness and emotional arousal. Compared with the better studied psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the experience with ayahuasca is described as more intense, with people sometimes losing touch with their physical surroundings. Ayahuasca also causes vomiting (unlike LSD), which is considered to be an important part of the ritual.An explanation for the increase in popularity may be due to a recent spike in media coverage of ayahuasca. Celebrities—from the singer Sting to the actress Lindsay Lohan—along with major media outlets, such as the New York Times and Huffington Post, are singing the praises of ayahuasca, which may be contributing to the increase in its use and perceived safety. Furthermore, ayahuasca may show promise in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. Studies have shown its effectiveness in treating depression (3) and addiction (4) in humans, although these were observational and limited in significance. In a CNN documentary hosted by journalist Lisa Ling, increasing use of the psychedelic in veteran populations was exposed. Ling followed veterans to South America, where they ingested ayahuasca in hopes of treating their PTSD symptoms. While popular culture has supported its expanding use, it can lead to significant medical complications, such as serotonin syndrome and death. An increasing number of deaths after intoxication have been reported and suspected to be the result of serotonin syndrome, as many of the affected individuals were medicated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prior to taking ayahuasca (5).Due to an explosion of media coverage, our patients may become interested in ingesting ayahuasca in hopes of treating their psychiatric conditions. Warning them of the possible dangers, particularly serotonin syndrome, could potentially save their lives.Dr. Fernando is a fourth-year resident at Harvard South Shore, VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry, Brockton, Mass.The author thanks Shalini Rao, Dilantha and Pushpini Fernando for their help in reviewing this commentary. The author also thanks Andrew Szanton for advising on this commentary.