Abstract
Nearly all mechanochemical models of the cross-bridge treat myosin as a simple linear spring arranged parallel to the contractile filaments. These single-spring models cannot account for the radial force that muscle generates (orthogonal to the long axis of the myofilaments) or the effects of changes in filament lattice spacing. We describe a more complex myosin cross-bridge model that uses multiple springs to replicate myosin's force-generating power stroke and account for the effects of lattice spacing and radial force. The four springs which comprise this model (the 4sXB) correspond to the mechanically relevant portions of myosin's structure. As occurs in vivo, the 4sXB's state-transition kinetics and force-production dynamics vary with lattice spacing. Additionally, we describe a simpler two-spring cross-bridge (2sXB) model which produces results similar to those of the 4sXB model. Unlike the 4sXB model, the 2sXB model requires no iterative techniques, making it more computationally efficient. The rate at which both multi-spring cross-bridges bind and generate force decreases as lattice spacing grows. The axial force generated by each cross-bridge as it undergoes a power stroke increases as lattice spacing grows. The radial force that a cross-bridge produces as it undergoes a power stroke varies from expansive to compressive as lattice spacing increases. Importantly, these results mirror those for intact, contracting muscle force production.
Highlights
Radial forces are the same order of magnitude as axial forces in contracting muscles [1,2,3]
Models of muscle contraction have primarily treated myosin as a simple spring oriented parallel to its direction of movement. This assumption does not allow prediction of the relationship between the forces produced and the spacing between contractile filaments or of radial forces, perpendicular to the axis of shortening, all of which are observed during muscle contraction
We develop an alternative model, still computationally efficient enough to be used in simulations of the sarcomere, that incorporates both extensional and torsional springs
Summary
Radial forces are the same order of magnitude as axial forces in contracting muscles [1,2,3]. Structural information about myosin cross-bridges suggests that they generate force by applying torque to a lever arm [6,7,8] This lever arm generates the strain accompanying the power stroke via a change in the rest angle at which the lever is attached to S1 region [8,9]. This change in angle occurs at the converter region, a flexible area in myosin S1 which acts as a torsional spring. These phenomena may be related: the radial forces a cross-bridge creates are results of the lever arm geometry (as suggested by Schoenberg [10])
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