Awareness of the role of cardiovascular risk factors and their prevention from the perspective of Tricity adolescents

Abstract

Introduction. Arterial hypertension (HT) affects 10.4 million adult Poles, and the blood pressure (BP) control rate is only 26%. Beyond any doubt, high blood pressure results in cardiovascular (CV) target organ damage, which markedly influences national healthcare programs. Childhood introduced cardiovascular prophylaxis offers opportunities to decrease incident HT and delay or even eliminate its consequences. Therefore we have decided to study the level of knowledge on HT and CV disease (CVD) among random 1st and 2nd grade high school students in Tricity, Poland. Material and methods. Questionnaire-based study was conducted voluntarily in two selected high schools of the Tricity agglomeration, Poland, in 2000 and repeated in 2016. All participants were presented with a 38-item questionnaire on cardiovascular risk factors knowledge as well as students’ health habits. Results. Studied group consisted of 615 students (57.6% females) at the age of 16, mean BMI 20.89 ± 2.95 kg/m2 (78% BMI norm). The evaluation of the several habits in two time-points was as follows: additional salt intake was reported by 38.3% vs. 35.1% adolescents in 2000 and 2016, respectively; p = 0.43, dining in fast food restaurants at least once a week: 13.9% vs. 44.8%; 2000/2016; p < 0.01; hours per week spent on physical activity: 5.6 ± 4.4 vs. 5.5 } 4.5; p = 0.85; students who never drank alcohol: 19.7% vs. 31.1%; p < 0.01; cigarettes ever smoking: 39.6% vs. 21.2%; p < 0.01; regular smokers: 10.2% vs. 4.1%; p < 0.05. The awareness of CV-preventive measures such as body weight reduction was presented by 88.1% vs. 93.9% students in 2000 vs. 2016; p = 0.01; regular physical activity 92.6% vs. 97.1%; P = 0.01, limiting smoking and alcohol consumption 84.2% vs. 91.2%; p = 0.01; salt reduction: 62.6% vs. 82.3%; p < 0.001. Interestingly, in 2016 the majority of students identified myocardial infarction as a consequence of AH 92.4%, which was markedly less evident in case of stroke and kidney disease (46.2%, and 28%, respectively). Conclusion. Although the awareness of negative consequences of HT and other CV-risk factors has grown over the past 15 years, the implementation of this knowledge is insufficient among high-school adolescents.