Abstract
Consistent exposure to a temporal lag between observers' voluntary action and its visual feedback induced recalibration of temporal order perception between a motor action and a visual stimulus. It remains unclear what kinds of processing underlie this motor–visual temporal recalibration. This study examined the necessity of awareness of a temporal lag between a motor action and its visual feedback for motor–visual temporal recalibration. In Experiment 1, we allocated observers to either the multiple-step or single-step lag conditions. In the multiple-step lag condition, we first inserted a small temporal lag and subsequently increased it with progress of the adaptation period, to make observers unaware of the temporal lag during the adaptation period. In the single-step lag condition, we instructed observers about the temporal lag before adaptation, and inserted a substantial temporal lag from the beginning of the adaptation period to ensure that they were aware of the temporal lag. We found significant recalibration only in the single-step lag condition. In Experiment 2, we exposed all observers to a substantial temporal lag from the beginning of adaptation period with no instruction about insertion of the temporal lag. We asked observers at the end of the experiment whether they were aware of the temporal lag. We found significant recalibration for only observers who were aware of the lag. These results suggest that awareness of the temporal lag plays a crucial role in motor–visual temporal recalibration.
Highlights
When using optical or electrical devices, we are exposed to constant spatiotemporal discrepancy among sensory signals derived from different modalities
We obtained a median of the temporal lags and a probability of a temporal order judgment (TOJ) response that a test flash was perceived after a sixth keypress
The first and second rows show the frequency of each response category in TOJ task
Summary
When using optical or electrical devices, we are exposed to constant spatiotemporal discrepancy among sensory signals derived from different modalities. Fujisaki et al (2004) and Vroomen et al (2004) independently reported recalibration of temporal perception between audition and vision In their experiments, they exposed observers to a constant temporal lag between auditory and visual stimuli for a few minutes. Stetson et al (2006) subsequently demonstrated motor–sensory temporal recalibration using a psychophysical method They confirmed that a few minutes of exposure to a constant delayed visual feedback that was presented with observers’ keypresses induced a shift of the PSS in the TOJ task between a voluntary keypress and a visual stimulus. An example is the study conducted by Michel et al (2007), which examined how awareness of the discrepancy influences prism adaptation In their experiment, they allocated observers to either the multiple-step condition or the single-step condition. In the single-step lag condition, we exposed them to a substantial temporal lag from the beginning of the adaptation period, and instructed the observers about inserting the temporal lag before the session, to make sure that they were aware of the temporal lag
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