Abstract
A geographical location such as coastal area is known as risk factor hypertension relating to high exposure of salty foods. Public health access had significant effect on reducing salt intake at the community level. This study assesses salt intake in older women resident at urban coastal in Indonesia participating in the public health program. This was a cross-sectional study involving older women (56.98 ± 5.7 years) resident at urban coastal in Kenjeran, Surabaya, Indonesia. Salt intake was calculated and estimated based on 24-h urinary sodium. The mean daily salt intake was 6.16 ± 3.48 g/d; only 11.8% of subjects consumed salt intake <3 g/day. However, majority of subjects (62.8%) consume salt <6 g/d. Awareness and participation were associated significantly with low salt intake. A significant association between participation, awareness, and salt intake may suggest that participating regularly in the public health program might cause our subjects controlled excessive salt intake by limiting their salt consumption. Since daily salt intake is still significant high and hypertension is still prevalence, comprehensive strategies to reduce salt should be considered in development of sodium-reduction initiatives in this region.
Highlights
Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide because the prevalence continues to rise. e rising incidence of HT contributes to cause morbidity and mortality since hypertension is well recognized and the most common risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease [1]. e prevalence of hypertension is predicted to rise around 60% by the year of 2025 with nearly 1.5 million deaths (9.4% of total deaths) annually [2, 3]
Since our subjects were categorized as vulnerable population related to high salt intake and public health access has an important role to the health outcome, our study aims to investigate salt intake in older women resident at urban coastal in Indonesia participating in the public health program and analyze the factors related to it
Demographics of the 51 subjects are shown in Table 2. e most common subjects were living in the coastal area since birth, so the length of stay was almost similar to mean age 56.98 ± 5.7 years as 19 subjects (37.3%) were classified as hypertensive by measuring BP
Summary
Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide because the prevalence continues to rise. e rising incidence of HT contributes to cause morbidity and mortality since hypertension is well recognized and the most common risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease [1]. e prevalence of hypertension is predicted to rise around 60% by the year of 2025 with nearly 1.5 million deaths (9.4% of total deaths) annually [2, 3]. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide because the prevalence continues to rise. Indonesian National Health Survey 2018 demonstrated that 34.11% of the Indonesian adults have established hypertension, and the prevalence continues to rise with increasing age [4]. Risk factors of HT are closely related to modifiable factors such as dietary habits excess dietary salt. Most population studies provided evidence that daily salt intake in most countries is well above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Accumulating evidence strongly supports a detrimental effect of excess salt intake on blood pressure [5]. Decreasing the burden of diseases associated with hypertension has been identified as a public health priority, and the growing burden of hypertension increased awareness to reduce dietary salt [2, 6]
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