Abstract
The avian respiratory system hosts a wide range of commensal and potential pathogenic bacteria and/or viruses that interact with each other. Such interactions could be either synergistic or antagonistic, which subsequently determines the severity of the disease complex. The intensive rearing methods of poultry are responsible for the marked increase in avian respiratory diseases worldwide. The interaction between avian influenza with other pathogens can guarantee the continuous existence of other avian pathogens, which represents a global concern. A better understanding of the impact of the interaction between avian influenza virus and other avian respiratory pathogens provides a better insight into the respiratory disease complex in poultry and can lead to improved intervention strategies aimed at controlling virus spread.
Highlights
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), caused by influenza A viruses, are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family [1]
AIVs infect both domestic poultry and wild birds; in addition, many reports have described their natural transmission to humans and occasionally to other mammals [2,3]
These findings showed that IBV co-infection enhanced LPAIV H9N2 pathogenicity through protease enzymes
Summary
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), caused by influenza A viruses, are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family [1]. Many bacterial diseases were observed with positively AI-infected birds such as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus The impact of such co-infections on the host responses, which includes viral shedding, sites of virus replication sites, and clinical outcome, was addressed in several studies [12,13,14,15,16] under field and experimental conditions. Viral respiratory infections in human, mammals, and avian species can augment the secondary bacterial infection, including commensal bacteria, through mechanical damage of ciliated and goblet cells This in turn facilitates the bacterial attachment and colonization [17,18,19] or impairment of the phagocytic activity and/or the alteration of the innate immune response [20,21,22]. The aim of this review is to assess the incidence, clinical significance, and impact of coinfection/secondary infection associated with AI in different domestic poultry species
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