Abstract
United States is the largest producer and the second largest exporter of broiler meat in the world. In the US, broiler production is largely converting to antibiotic-free programs which has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality within broiler farms. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens are two important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the broiler environment and result in annual billion-dollar losses from colibacillosis, gangrenous dermatitis, and necrotic enteritis. The broiler industry is in search of non-antibiotic alternatives including novel vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and housing management strategies to mitigate production losses due to these diseases. This review provides an overview of the broiler industry and antibiotic free production, current challenges, and emerging research on antibiotic alternatives to reduce pathogenic microbial presence and improve bird health.
Highlights
In the United States, poultry is the leading source of animal protein, and the industry is valued at $46.3 billion from the combined production of layers, turkeys, and broilers [1]
Purified outer membrane vesicle (OMV) proteins derived from avian pathogenic Escherihica coli (APEC) serotype O78 given in vaccination to challenged Lohmann chickens showed protection over non-vaccinated groups
Bacterial ghost vaccine of APEC O2 isolate was able to achieve over 90% immunity in challenge broilers and high antibody response of 120 Sanhuang broiler chickens
Summary
In the United States, poultry is the leading source of animal protein, and the industry is valued at $46.3 billion from the combined production of layers, turkeys, and broilers [1]. Flock health is an increasing concern for broiler producers because diseases such as colibacillosis, necrotic enteritis, and gangrenous dermatitis result in billions of dollars in lost revenue through reduced performance and mortality [2]. In 2012 and 2013, the United States Food and Drug Administration published “Guidance for Industry #209 and #213” advising the food-producing animal industry to use antibiotics judiciously. These documents encourage the disuse of antimicrobial growth promoters as a part of a set of strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance [3,4]. In the absence of AGPs, colibacillosis, necrotic enteritis (NE), and gangrenous dermatitis (GD) have evolved as leading bacterial diseases affecting broilers raised under the NAE system
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