Abstract
Since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5Nx) clade 2.3.4.4 virus has been periodically introduced into Europe, causing one of the largest epidemics in Europe during the 2016/17 winter season. This was only topped by the 2020/21 epidemic that caused an even larger number of outbreaks in poultry (3777 vs. 2781; Fig. 1) and mass mortality events in wild birds. It had severe animal health impact on domestic and wild birds, including many endangered wild species, as well as serious losses to the poultry industry with more than 23 million birds affected [1].
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