Abstract
The Banach space of bounded continuous real or complexvalued functions on a topological space X is denoted C(X). An averaging operator for an onto continuous function ϕ : X → Y is a bounded linear projection of C(X) onto the subspace ﹛ƒ ∈ C(X) : f is constant on each set ϕ -1(y) for y ∈ Y﹜. The projection constant p(ϕ) for an onto continuous map ϕ is the lower bound for the norms of all averaging operators for ϕ ﹛p(ϕ) = ∞ if there is no averaging operator for ϕ).
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