Abstract
Globally, a majority of people use plants as a primary source of healthcare and introduced plants are increasingly discussed as medicine. Protecting this resource for human health depends upon understanding which plants are used and how use patterns will change over time. The increasing use of introduced plants in local pharmacopoeia has been explained by their greater abundance or accessibility (availability hypothesis), their ability to cure medical conditions that are not treated by native plants (diversification hypothesis), or as a result of the introduced plants’ having many different simultaneous roles (versatility hypothesis). In order to describe the role of introduced plants in Ecuador, and to test these three hypotheses, we asked if introduced plants are over-represented in the Ecuadorian pharmacopoeia, and if their use as medicine is best explained by the introduced plants’ greater availability, different therapeutic applications, or greater number of use categories. Drawing on 44,585 plant-use entries, and the checklist of >17,000 species found in Ecuador, we used multi-model inference to test if more introduced plants are used as medicines in Ecuador than expected by chance, and examine the support for each of the three hypotheses above. We find nuanced support for all hypotheses. More introduced plants are utilized than would be expected by chance, which can be explained by geographic distribution, their strong association with cultivation, diversification (except with regard to introduced diseases), and therapeutic versatility, but not versatility of use categories. Introduced plants make a disproportionately high contribution to plant medicine in Ecuador. The strong association of cultivation with introduced medicinal plant use highlights the importance of the maintenance of human-mediated environments such as homegardens and agroforests for the provisioning of healthcare services.
Highlights
Understanding how people select plants for medicinal use has been a central question in ethnobotany [1]
The proportion of introduced species in the Ecuadorian pharmacopoeia is approximately four-times their proportion in the flora overall (Table 1)
When analyzing patterns for introduced compared to native plants, we found that availability based on the number of provinces of occurrence was a stronger predictor of medicinal use for introduced plants
Summary
Understanding how people select plants for medicinal use has been a central question in ethnobotany [1]. Introduced plants are defined here as plants that arrived to a specified region through the direct or indirect aid of humans Introduced species, those that are weedy or invasive, are typically seen as major ecosystem change agents and threats to biodiversity in the broader conservation biology literature [10,11]; while for traditional healers and other cultural practitioners, introduced plant species may have a strong cultural importance [12,13,14,15]. It has been debated as to whether an increase in the use of introduced plants as medicine presents a concern for the protection of traditional knowledge and plant-based healthcare (i.e., when nonnative plants replace the use of natives) [29] Assessing these potential impacts depends upon understanding the patterns of change over time and the relative importance of drivers behind this change [29]
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