Auxin Metabolism Is Involved in Fruit Set and Early Fruit Development in the Parthenocarpic Tomato "R35-P".

Shaoli Zhang,Wencai Yang,Zhifeng Hu,Xin Gu,Jingcheng Shao,Luying Zhu,Hongyan Su,Liping Wang

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.671713

Abstract

Parthenocarpic tomato can set fruit and develop without pollination and exogenous hormone treatments under unfavorable environmental conditions, which is beneficial to tomato production from late fall to early spring in greenhouses. In this study, the endogenous hormones in the ovaries of the parthenocarpic tomato line “R35-P” (stigma removed or self-pollination) and the non-parthenocarpic tomato line “R35-N” (self-pollination) at four stages between preanthesis and postanthesis investigated, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A nearly twofold IAA (indoleacetic acid) content was found in “R35-P” rather than in “R35-N” at −2 and 0 days after anthesis (DAA). Except at −2 DAA, a lower ABA (abscisic acid) content was observed in Pe (stigma removed in “R35-P”) compared to that in Ps (self-pollination in “R35-P”) or CK (self-pollination in “R35-N”). After pollination, although the content of GA1 (gibberellins acid 1) in CK increased, the levels of GAs (gibberellins acids) were notably low. At all four stages, a lower SA (salicylic acid) content was found in Ps and CK than in Pe, while the content and the change trend were similar in Ps and CK. The variation tendencies of JA (jasmonic acid) varied among Pe, Ps, and CK at the studied periods. Furthermore, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses of transcriptomic data identified 175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to plant hormone signal transduction, including 63 auxin-related genes, 27 abscisic acid-related genes, 22 ethylene-related genes, 16 cytokinin-related genes, 16 salicylic acid-related genes, 14 brassinosteroid-related genes, 13 jasmonic acid-related genes, and 4 gibberellin-related genes at −2 DAA and 0 DAA. Our results suggest that the fate of a fruit set or degeneration occurred before anthesis in tomato. Auxins, whose levels were independent of pollination and fertilization, play prominent roles in controlling a fruit set in “R35-P,” and other hormones are integrated in a synergistic or antagonistic way.

Highlights

The off-season cultivation of tomato usually involves treatment with exogenous hormone regulators to stabilize a fruit set, which is a common practice in greenhouses with little wind and insects
Consistent with them, our results showed that some Aux/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ARFs, which accounted for 21/63 of the IAA-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), displayed dramatic shifts in their expressions between “R35-P” and “R35-N,” especially at −2 days after anthesis (DAA)
Other Aux/IAAs and ARFs were inferred to be related to a parthenocarpic fruit set in tomato too

Summary

Introduction

The off-season cultivation of tomato usually involves treatment with exogenous hormone regulators to stabilize a fruit set, which is a common practice in greenhouses with little wind and insects. The use of bumblebees can avoid these drawbacks but requires the maintenance of optimal temperatures to keep them active (Takisawa et al, 2017). All of these agricultural practices increase financial and labor costs for farmers. Parthenocarpy can overcome these problems by converting the ovary into a developing fruit without pollination and exogenous hormone application, thereby producing seedless fruit. The trait of parthenocarpy has increasingly attracted the interest of scholars and has become a popular topic for research

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Results

Conclusion