Abstract
The programs associated with embryonic roots (ERs), primary roots (PRs), lateral roots (LRs), and adventitious roots (ARs) play crucial roles in the growth and development of roots in plants. The root functions are involved in diverse processes such as water and nutrient absorption and their utilization, the storage of photosynthetic products, and stress tolerance. Hormones and signaling pathways play regulatory roles during root development. Among these, auxin is the most important hormone regulating root development. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway has also been shown to play a key role in root developmental programs. In this article, the milestones and influential progress of studying crosstalk between auxin and TOR during the development of ERs, PRs, LRs and ARs, as well as their functional implications in root morphogenesis, development, and architecture, are systematically summarized and discussed.
Highlights
All vascular plants have root systems including embryonic roots (ERs), primary roots (PRs), lateral roots (LRs), and adventitious roots (ARs) [1], all of which are required for fixing plants, absorbing water and nutrients, and storing photosynthetic products
target of rapamycin (TOR) is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase [22] that is highly conserved in eukaryotes
Several studies have used genetic and molecular approaches to identify functions of auxin [41,42] and TOR [43,44,45,46] signaling in the growth and development of plant roots
Summary
All vascular plants have root systems including embryonic roots (ERs), primary roots (PRs), lateral roots (LRs), and adventitious roots (ARs) [1], all of which are required for fixing plants, absorbing water and nutrients, and storing photosynthetic products. TOR is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase [22] that is highly conserved in eukaryotes It plays important functions in cell proliferation and growth by regulating protein translation, ribosome synthesis, and cell-cycle operation [23]. The homozygous loss-of-function tor−/− mutants in Arabidopsis display defects and lethality during early embryonic development [34] Both RNA interference (RNAi)- and artificial microRNA (amiR)-mediated suppression of TOR activity showed growth defects in the roots and produced dwarf plants [35,36]. Several studies have used genetic and molecular approaches to identify functions of auxin [41,42] and TOR [43,44,45,46] signaling in the growth and development of plant roots. This review focuses on the interactions between auxin and TOR to regulate the development of plant ERs, PRs, LRs, and ARs
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