“Auxiliary verbs shall be used consistently”: Standardisation and modality in directive texts

Abstract

This paper discusses the theoretical implications and implementation of recent attempts to normalize verbal modality in the restricted setting of Industrial Standard specifications. Drafting instructions issued by regulatory bodies over the last decade provide an interesting illustration of international efforts to overcome the blurred semantic-pragmatic interface of English modals, with their considerable potential for ambiguity/polysemy. The value of this largely prescriptive approach is carefully investigated with reference to current studies in verbal (especially deontic) modality and topical examples from standards purportedly complying with such provisions.