Abstract

Science and technology are extensively used in criminal investigation. From the mid- to late-1980s, one of the scientific discoveries that has had a particularly remarkable impact on this field has been the use of highly variable DNA sequence regions (minisatellites) in the human genome for individual identification. The technique was initially referred to as DNA fingerprinting, but is now more widely referred to as DNA profiling. Since then, many new developments have occurred within this area of science. These include the introduction of new genetic markers (microsatellites also known as short tandem repeats/STRs), the use of the polymerase chain reaction for target amplification, the development of DNA databases (databanking), and the advancement and/or improvement of genotyping protocols and technologies. In 2019, we described the progress of DNA profiling and DNA databanking in Malaysia for the first time. This report included information on DNA analysis regulations and legislation, STR genotyping protocols, database management, and accreditation status. Here, we provide an update on the performance of our DNA databank (numbers of DNA profiles and hits) plus the technical issues associated with correctly assigning the weight of evidence for DNA profiles in an ethnically diverse population, and the potential application of rapid DNA testing in the country. A total of 116,534 DNA profiles were obtained and stored in the Forensic DNA Databank of Malaysia (FDDM) by 2019, having increased from 70,570 in 2017. The number of hits increased by more than three-fold in just two years, where 17 and 69 hits between the DNA profiles stored in the FDDM and those from crime scenes, suspects, detainees, drug users, convicts, missing persons, or volunteers were recorded in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Forensic DNA analysis and databanking are thus progressing well in Malaysia and have already contributed to many criminal investigations. However, several other issues are discussed here, including the need for STR population data for uncharacterized population groups, and pilot trials for adopting rapid DNA profiling technology. These aspects should be considered by policy makers and law enforcement agencies in order to increase the reliability and efficiency of DNA profiling in criminal cases and in kinship analysis in Malaysia.

Highlights

  • IntroductionForensic DNA analysis has been integral to criminal investigations over the last three decades

  • Forensic DNA analysis has been integral to criminal investigations over the last three decades.Worldwide, many developments have seen the introduction of new markers for individual identification, the development of DNA databases, and improved genotyping protocols [1,2,3]

  • In 2019, we described the progress of DNA profiling and DNA databanking in Malaysia for the first time [4]

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Summary

Introduction

Forensic DNA analysis has been integral to criminal investigations over the last three decades. Many developments have seen the introduction of new markers for individual identification, the development of DNA databases, and improved genotyping protocols [1,2,3]. Similar progress has taken place in Malaysia and has been facilitated by the passage of new laws, namely: the DNA. In 2019, we described the progress of DNA profiling and DNA databanking in Malaysia for the first time [4]. This report included information on DNA analysis regulations, STR genotyping protocols, chain of custody procedures, database management, DNA sample retention and/or the removal of DNA profiles from the Forensic DNA Databank of Malaysia (FDDM), data sharing between international databases such as the Combined DNA Index. System (CODIS) and the United Kingdom National DNA Databank (UKDNAD), proficiency testing, accreditation status, and new markers for human identification. We provide an update on FDDM, focused on the technical issues associated with assigning the weight of evidence for DNA profiles and the potential application of rapid DNA tests in the country

Number of DNA Profiles and Hits
DNA Population Data for Casework and Paternity Testing Statistics
Rapid DNA Testing
DNA Profiling Regulations
Pilot Study
Supporting Unit
Staffing and Funding
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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