Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, with low survival and poor quality of life. Autophagy-associated genes (ATGs) have been reported to be involved in the initiation and progression of malignancies. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between autophagy-associated genes and the outcomes in HNSCC patients. Methods We obtained ATGs with prognostic values by analyzing the datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Autophagy Database (HADb). The enrichment functions of autophagy differential genes were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to the survival curve analysis. A prognostic autophagy-related gene signature was established, and its independence was verified. Results We acquired a total of 529 samples and 232 ATGs; further, we identified 45 genes associated with prognosis and built a prognosis autophagy signature based on risk score of 15 genes. Patients were divided into two groups based on risk scores. The Kaplan-Meier curve illustrated that the survival rate of the high-risk group was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group in both the training group and validation group. The ROC curve revealed that the risk score had the highest AUC value in the 3rd and 5th years, reaching 0.703 and 0.724, which are higher than other risk factors such as gender, age, and TNM stage. The nomogram further confirmed its weight in the prognosis of HNSCC patients. Through KEGG and GO enrichment analyses, we observed that ATGs were involved in the tumorigenesis and invasion of tumor by various mediating pathways. We gained 3 hub genes (MAP1LC3B, FADD, and LAMP1) and further analyzed the survival curves, mutations, differential expressions, and their roles in tumors on the online websites. Conclusion We identified a novel autophagy-related signature that may provide promising biomarker genes for the treatment and prognosis of HNSCC. We need to validate its prognostic value by applying it to the clinic.
Highlights
Head and neck tumors are common malignancies, of which more than 90% are head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
As people continue to research, we find that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is playing an increasingly important role in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [2]
The list of associated genes (ATGs) got from Human Autophagy Database (HADb; http://www .autophagy.lu/), a web-based resource, provided a comprehensive and up-to-date list of human genes and proteins related to autophagy
Summary
Head and neck tumors are common malignancies, of which more than 90% are head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, with low survival and poor quality of life. Autophagy-associated genes (ATGs) have been reported to be involved in the initiation and progression of malignancies. We obtained ATGs with prognostic values by analyzing the datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Autophagy Database (HADb). We gained 3 hub genes (MAP1LC3B, FADD, and LAMP1) and further analyzed the survival curves, mutations, differential expressions, and their roles in tumors on the online websites. We identified a novel autophagy-related signature that may provide promising biomarker genes for the treatment and prognosis of HNSCC. We need to validate its prognostic value by applying it to the clinic
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