Abstract
Autophagy refers to the process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via lysosomes. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell homeostasis by degrading intracellular components and providing degradation products to cells. In vivo, autophagy has been shown to be involved in the starvation response, intracellular quality control, early development, and cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and tumorigenesis. In addition to the discovery of certain disease-causing autophagy-related mutations and elucidation of the pathogenesis of conditions resulting from the abnormal degradation of selective autophagy substrates, the activation of autophagy is essential for prolonging life and suppressing aging. This article provides a comprehensive review of the role of autophagy in health, physiological function, and autophagy-related disease.
Highlights
Autophagy is a general term for the physiological process by which cells direct their components to the lysosome via autophagosomes for degradation
Adaptor proteins are a group of proteins that bind to cargo and include the LC3 or gammaaminobutyric acid A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) family of autophagosome-localized proteins; cargoes are labeled by ubiquitination or localization of adaptor proteins to cargoes [29]
Adaptor proteins are a group of proteins that bind to cargo and include the LC3 or gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) family of autophagosome-localized proteins; cargoes are labeled by ubiquitination or localization of adaptor proteins to cargoes [29]
Summary
Autophagy is a general term for the physiological process by which cells direct their components to the lysosome via autophagosomes for degradation. The recycling of substrates through macroautophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis [2]. Microautophagy is a non-selective lysosomal degradation process in which autophagic tubing mediates both cytoplasmic lumen entry and vesicle cleavage by direct engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo. It has a role in maintaining homeostasis and cell survival [4]. Recent studies reported that autophagy is involved in disease and in aging and life span extension [7]. The current work provides an overview of the process and different types of autophagy as well as its involvement in numerous diseases
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