Abstract
Pollution-induced skin damage results in oxidative stress; cellular toxicity; inflammation; and, ultimately, premature skin aging. Previous studies suggest that the activation of autophagy can protect oxidation-induced cellular damage and aging-like changes in skin. In order to develop new anti-pollution ingredients, this study screened various kinds of natural extracts to measure their autophagy activation efficacy in cultured dermal fibroblast. The stimulation of autophagy flux by the selected extracts was further confirmed both by the expression of proteins associated with the autophagy signals and by electron microscope. Crepidiastrum denticulatum (CD) extract treated cells showed the highest autophagic vacuole formation in the non-cytotoxic range. The phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), but not the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), was observed by CD-extract treatment. Its anti-pollution effects were further evaluated with model compounds, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and a CD extract treatment resulted in both the protection of cytotoxicity and a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that the autophagy activators can be a new protection regimen for anti-pollution. Therefore, CD extract can be used for anti-inflammatory and anti-pollution cosmetic ingredients.
Highlights
In addition to the well-known intrinsic and extrinsic factors inducing skin aging, such as chronological changes and solar irradiation, environmental factors, including ambient particulate matter (PM) or infrared irradiation, recently emerged as important deleterious factors for skin aging
The preliminary screening of various natural extracts for identifying the autophagy stimulating compounds resulted in a few candidates, and, in this study, the ethanolic extract of Crepidiastrum denticulatum (CD) was selected for the further investigation, based on its high activity and low cytotoxicity
The preliminary cytotoxicity measurements with 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay showed that 0.01% (w/v) of the CD extract showed no cytotoxicity in both the dermal fibroblast and epidermal keratinocyte, and further experiments were performed based on this concentration
Summary
In addition to the well-known intrinsic and extrinsic factors inducing skin aging, such as chronological changes and solar irradiation, environmental factors, including ambient particulate matter (PM) or infrared irradiation, recently emerged as important deleterious factors for skin aging. It was reported that cutaneous exposure to PAHs and heavy metals results in epidermal cytotoxicity [1,2,3], harmful impacts on dermal extracellular matrix proteins [4], inflammatory responses [5], and impairment on skin barrier functions [6]. One of the most common detrimental mechanisms of PM and other extrinsic skin aging factors is excessive oxidative stress on skin, forming oxidized biomolecules or organelles These oxidized molecules induce cytotoxic damage, cellular dysfunctions, or structural impairments. Considering the crucial roles of autophagy in the cellular anti-oxidant system [16,17], it can be postulated that autophagy activating molecules can prevent PM-induced damage to the skin. A cytoprotective effect against PM and an anti-inflammatory activity were investigated in a cultured epidermal keratinocyte
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