Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an attractive solution to many environmental, security and process monitoring. However, their lifetime remains very limited by battery capacity. Through the use of piezoelectric energy harvesting techniques, ambient vibration can be captured and converted into usable electricity to create selfpowering WSN which is not limited by finite battery energy. This paper investigates analytically and experimentally the performance of a WSN powered by a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System (PEHS) and a material block-level modeling considering most key energy consumption of a wireless sensor node in a star topology network is proposed. By using real hardware parameters of existing components, the proposed model is used to evaluate the energetic budget of the node. The sensor node performance is evaluated regarding transmit packet size, duty cycle and the number of nodes that can be deployed. From the spectral properties of the available vibration inside two moving vehicles (automobile and train), the maximal recoverable power for each type of vehicle is estimated. Using a PEHS based on a cantilever beam optimized for low-frequency applications, 6 mW power is recovered in the case of the train while a 12.5 mW power is reached in the case of the automobile. It is observed that the sink may not operate with the recovered energy. However, the sensor node can sense and transmit data with a maximum size of 105.5 kbits when the duty cycle is 4 × 10-15. It is also achieved that the node is most effective when the measured physical phenomena vary slowly, such as the variations in temperature due to thermal inertia. Considering an optimized PEHS based on non-linear processing, it is shown that the sink can operate for 190% improvement of the recovered power.
Highlights
This paper investigates analytically and experimentally the performance of a Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) powered by a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System (PEHS) and a material block-level modeling considering most key energy consumption of a wireless sensor node in a star topology network is proposed
Using a PEHS based on a cantilever beam optimized for low-frequency applications, 6 mW power is recovered in the case of the train while a 12.5 mW power is reached in the case of the automobile
The most targeted application in energy harvesting is the powering of nodes in a WSN [2] [3]; it is because the nodes life is necessarily linked to that of its storage element, which either must be replaced or recharged when they become exhausted
Summary
Previous studies have demonstrated that ambient vibration present in moving vehicles can be harvested and used to generate electrical energy for low power electronics [9] [10]. In [10], a power of 1.1 μW was achieved at optimum load resistance of 91 kΩ All these researches are only focused on the aim to prove the technical feasibility of WSN supplied by the spurious vibrations in the vehicle. The main objective of this work is to assess the relevance of such micro generators through the quantification of the performance of a sensor node, powered by vibrational recovered energy.
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