Abstract
In this work, we present autonomous active tags. The power sources of these active tags employ energy harvesting techniques, specifically, solar and mechanical techniques. The integration of these techniques, and the storage of the energy obtained with a supercapacitor, converts the active tag into an autonomous device. These tags work in a low power mode in which they dynamically adjust their radio communication capabilities. Such a configuration depends on the application. We tested the tags in a real environment with testing parameters to check the modules, meaning more wake-ups over a longer time. Under these conditions, the tags gather enough energy to autonomously maintain standby operation on a sunny day for ten hours. In conclusion, this autonomous active tag is a demonstration that the integration of energy harvesting techniques, supercapacitor storage and the management of low power modes for transceivers, microcontrollers, and memories creates a device without energy dependencies that only depends on the requirements, and can be used in many applications related to, for instance, smart homes, smart cities, smart cars, and connected forests.
Highlights
The world of tags has evolved over the last few years
The tags gather enough energy to autonomously maintain standby operation on a sunny day for ten hours. This autonomous active tag is a demonstration that the integration of energy harvesting techniques, supercapacitor storage and the management of low power modes for transceivers, microcontrollers, and memories creates a device without energy dependencies that only depends on the requirements, and can be used in many applications related to, for instance, smart homes, smart cities, smart cars, and connected forests
Vehicle to of infrastructure (V2I), etc., which are topics with a great importance these days. These applications make the idea of autonomous active tags necessary as it is impossible to develop a passive tag for these conditions, where there is no close communication with the reader
Summary
The world of tags has evolved over the last few years. Passive tags appeared first, and are very widespread in our society, for example, in contactless cards or as anti-theft systems. Came active tags, which allowed communication over longer distances and greater information storage capacities This brought a paradigm change as all the data required for an application can be stored in the tag, instead of, for example, a remote server. The objective is to gather enough energy to maintain the standby operation of the device and support all the wireless communication This is achieved thanks to the integration of the energy harvesting techniques, the management of the recollected power and the low power consumption techniques, which allowed the autonomous system to be created. The creation of an autonomous active tag is based on the integration of different techniques from different fields to achieve the objective These tags can be used in isolated places without the interaction of anybody as they recharge themselves and send the required information that the final application will need. Silva-Leon, J.; Cioncolini, A.; Nabawy, M.R.A.; Revell, A., and Kennaugh, A. [14]
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