Abstract
Abstract. Rubble mound breakwaters maintenance is critical to the protection of beaches and ports. LiDAR systems provide accurate point clouds from the emerged part of the structure that can be modelled to make it more useful and easy to handle. This work introduces a methodology for the automatic modelling of breakwaters with armour units of cube shape. The algorithm is divided in three main steps: normal vector computation, plane segmentation, and cube reconstruction. Plane segmentation uses the normal orientation of the points and the edge length of the cube. Cube reconstruction uses the intersection of three perpendicular planes and the edge length. Three point clouds cropped from the main point cloud of the structure are used for the tests. The number of cubes detected is around 56 % for two of the point clouds and 32 % for the third one over the total physical cubes. Accuracy assessment is done by comparison with manually drawn cubes calculating the differences between the vertexes. It ranges between 6.4 cm and 15 cm. Computing time ranges between 578.5 s and 8018.2 s. The computing time increases with the number of cubes and the requirements of collision detection.
Highlights
IntroductionPorts, piers, and marinas must be protected from ocean waves and storms
Beaches, ports, piers, and marinas must be protected from ocean waves and storms
One of the common techniques to monitor the movements of the armour units is the LiDAR survey that provides dense and accurate point clouds from the emerged part of the structure (Puente et al 2014)
Summary
Ports, piers, and marinas must be protected from ocean waves and storms. Rubble mound breakwaters are one of the typical structures used for this purpose (Corredor et al 2013; Altomare et al 2014). Breakwaters are usually constructed by armour units, such as cubes, cubipods, tetrapods, dolos, etc. The energy of the ocean induces movements on the armour units that degrade the structure. One of the common techniques to monitor the movements of the armour units is the LiDAR survey that provides dense and accurate point clouds from the emerged part of the structure (Puente et al 2014). LiDAR can be combined with hydrographic techniques such as multibeam echo sounders allowing the acquisition of the underwater geometry and, completing the 3D point cloud from the structure
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