Automatic Identification and Severity Classification of Retinal Biomarkers in SD-OCT Using Dilated Depthwise Separable Convolution ResNet with SVM Classifier

Abstract

Purpose Diagnosis of Uveitic Macular Edema (UME) using Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) is a promising method for early detection and monitoring of sight-threatening visual impairment. Viewing multiple B-scans and identifying biomarkers is challenging and time-consuming for clinical practitioners. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an image classification hybrid framework for predicting the presence of biomarkers such as intraretinal cysts (IRC), hyperreflective foci (HRF), hard exudates (HE) and neurosensory detachment (NSD) in OCT B-scans along with their severity. Methods A dataset of 10880 B-scans from 85 Uveitic patients is collected and graded by two board-certified ophthalmologists for the presence of biomarkers. A novel image classification framework, Dilated Depthwise Separable Convolution ResNet (DDSC-RN) with SVM classifier, is developed to achieve network compression with a larger receptive field that captures both low and high-level features of the biomarkers without loss of classification accuracy. The severity level of each biomarker is predicted from the feature map, extracted by the proposed DDSC-RN network. Results The proposed hybrid model is evaluated using ground truth labels from the hospital. The deep learning model initially, identified the presence of biomarkers in B-scans. It achieved an overall accuracy of 98.64%, which is comparable to the performance of other state-of-the-art models, such as DRN-C-42 and ResNet-34. The SVM classifier then predicted the severity of each biomarker, achieving an overall accuracy of 89.3%. Conclusions A new hybrid model accurately identifies four retinal biomarkers on a tissue map and predicts their severity. The model outperforms other methods for identifying multiple biomarkers in complex OCT B-scans. This helps clinicians to screen multiple B-scans of UME more effectively, leading to better treatment outcomes.