Automatic evaluation of the orbital shape after application of conventional and patient-specific implants: Correlation of initial trauma patterns and outcome

Abstract

PurposeTo evaluate the precision of orbital shape reconstructions using either conventional plates (CPs) or patient-specific implants (PSIs) to treat different types of orbital fractures, and to evaluate their clinical outcomes. MethodsA total of 92 orbital-reconstruction patients were included. Forty-seven patients, treated with PSIs, formed the main group. The remainder, treated with CPs, were the control group. All patients were examined pre- and postoperatively using computerized tomography (CT) and evaluated for enophthalmos and diplopia. Evaluation of differences in orbital shape between damaged and intact orbits after surgery was performed by commercial orbital analysis software. ResultsIn the main group, mean orbital shape difference between damaged and intact orbits after surgery was 0.137 ± 0.8 cm3 (range −1.7–2.3 cm3). In the control group, the mean shape difference was 1.05 ± 1.9 cm3 (range −1.8–8.3 cm3), significantly higher (p = 0.007). Diplopia occurred in seven PSI patients three months after surgery (14.9%) and in thirteen CP patients (28.9%) (p = 0.181). Enophthalmos occurred in five PSI patients (10.6%) and in sixteen CP patients (35.6%) (p = 0.001). ConclusionPrecise orbital reconstruction prevents the development of enophthalmos after trauma in patients with orbital wall fractures. In patients with preserved infraorbital buttresses and posterior orbital ledges, there were no significant clinical differences between PSIs and CPs. For cases requiring cantilevered reconstruction, including those with zigomatic or maxillary fragment repositioning, preference should be given to the PSI procedure for both effectiveness and predictability.