Automatic Diagnosis of Different Grades of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Using 2-D-FBSE-FAWT

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are the two most common causes of blindness. The proposed work uses the order-zero and order-one 2-D Fourier–Bessel series expansion-based flexible analytic wavelet transform (2-D-FBSE-FAWT) methods to diagnose different DR and DME grades. The comparison of different subband grouping methods is studied in this article based on the classification performance. Statistical features of the local binary pattern and its rotation-invariant variance are used in the study. For classification purposes, random forest, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -nearest neighbors, and support vector machine are used. The Indian diabetic retinopathy image dataset (IDRiD) and Messidor database are used to evaluate the proposed method. Average accuracy ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {ACY}_{\mathrm{ avg}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) measures have been considered for performance comparison. For IDRiD, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {ACY}_{\mathrm{ avg}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> obtained for DR and DME is 0.955 and 0.965, respectively. For the Messidor database, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {ACY}_{\mathrm{ avg}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is 0.975 for DR and 0.985 for DME. For diagnosis of different grades of DR and DME, the best tuned parameters for designing order-zero 2-D-FBSE-FAWT filter banks are level of decomposition = 3, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -factor = 3, dilation factor = 0.5, and redundancy = 1.