Automatic Detection of Driver Impairment Based on Pupillary Light Reflex

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to determine the feasibility of designing a driver drunkenness detection system based on the dynamic analysis of a subject’s pupillary light reflex (PLR). This involuntary reaction is widely utilized in the medical field to diagnose a variety of diseases, and in this paper, the effectiveness of such a method to reveal an impairment condition due to alcohol abuse is evaluated. The test method consists in applying a light stimulus to one eye of the subject and to capture the dynamics of constriction of both eyes; for extracting the pupil size profiles from the video sequences, a two-step methodology is described, where in the first phase, the iris/pupil search within the image is performed, and in the second stage, the image is cropped to perform pupil detection on a smaller image to improve time efficiency. The undesired pupil dynamics arising in the PLR are defined and evaluated; a spontaneous oscillation of the pupil diameter is observed in the range [0, 2] Hz and the accommodation reflex causes pupil constriction of about 10% of the iris diameter. A database of pupillary light responses is acquired on different subjects in baseline condition and after alcohol consumption, and for each one, a first-order model is identified. A set of features is introduced to compare the two populations of responses and is used to design a support vector machine classifier to discriminate between “Sober” and “Drunk” states.