Automatic Bias, Experts and Amateurs

Abstract

Abstract This chapter applies the structure of action to understanding what is called implicit bias but which is reconceptualized as automatic bias. Specifically, since attention guides action, attention biases action toward specific targets, and the outcome can be positively, negatively, or neutrally biased behavior. The concept of a bias as a basis for solving the Selection Problem is revealed as a driver of biased behavior through biased attention. These automatic biases have disparate sources. Positive biases in medical attention as seen in radiologists is described, revealing how excellence in learning sets biases that shift a novice toward expertise. Negative biases in vision and memory that have negative social consequences are explained through biased attention due to inadequate upbringing (learning). Some proposals regarding how we might better understand automatic bias so as to mitigate them are explored.