Abstract
This paper presents automated laser ablation strategies to improve the temperature distribution across the surface of inhomogeneous Ni-Fe-Cr-NiO electrical heating elements during joule heating. A number of iterative closed-loop laser control algorithms have been developed and analyzed in order to assess their impact on the efficacy of the heating element, in terms of homogeneous temperature control, and on the implications for automated fabrication of inhomogeneous metal oxide films. Analysis shows that the use of the leading method, i.e., use of a temperature-dependent variable-power approach with memory of previous processes, showed a 68% reduction in the standard deviation of the temperature distribution of the heating element and a greater uniformity of temperature profile as compared to existing manual methods of processing.
Highlights
The current target set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is to lower net carbon emissions to zero before a 1.5 ◦C rise in average global temperatures is realized [1]
Due to the large amount of energy consumed in heat production within the United Kingdom and abroad [2], a trend towards a lower carbon mix of electricity generation and the low proportion of electricity currently used to produce heat, there is a growing demand for efficient electrical heating technology to replace fossil fuel emitting heating technology to reach the IPCC target [3,4]
Due to the flame spray process, the oxidation of the film is much higher than predicted by the initial metallic Inconel 600 powder. This increases the electrical resistance of the film, making it suitable for incorporation into an electrical heating device as an electric heating element
Summary
The current target set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is to lower net carbon emissions to zero before a 1.5 ◦C rise in average global temperatures is realized [1]. The metal oxide film studied in this research is formed from an Inconel 600 powder through the flame spray process with the main constituents of Ni-Fe-Cr-NiO. Due to the flame spray process, the oxidation of the film is much higher than predicted by the initial metallic Inconel 600 powder This increases the electrical resistance of the film, making it suitable for incorporation into an electrical heating device as an electric heating element. In this work, heating elements formed from flame sprayed Inconel 600 is investigated Due to this method of production, these films have an inhomogeneous and unknown composition and thickness, and in turn, inhomogeneous electrical properties and temperature distribution. AAnn iimmaaggee ooff tthhee ccrroossss--sseeccttiioonn ooff tthhee ffiillmm iiss sshhoowwnn iinn FFiigguurree 22. AAnn EEDDXX iimmaaggee ooff aa llaasseerr--aabbllaatteedd lliinnee oonn tthhee fifillmm ssuurrffaaccee
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