Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ac76 Is Involved in Intranuclear Microvesicle Formation

Abstract

In this study, we characterized Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) orf76 (ac76), which is a highly conserved gene of unknown function in lepidopteran baculoviruses. Transcriptional analysis of ac76 revealed that transcription of multiple overlapping multicistronic transcripts initiates from a canonical TAAG late-transcription start motif but terminates at different 3' ends at 24 h postinfection in AcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells. To investigate the role of ac76 in the baculovirus life cycle, an ac76-knockout virus was constructed using an AcMNPV bacmid system. Microscopy, titration assays, and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the resulting ac76-knockout virus was unable to produce budded viruses. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that ac76 deletion did not affect viral DNA synthesis. Electron microscopy showed that virus-induced intranuclear microvesicles as well as occlusion-derived virions were never observed in cells transfected with the ac76-knockout virus. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that Ac76 was predominantly localized to the ring zone of nuclei during the late phase of infection. This suggests that ac76 plays a role in intranuclear microvesicle formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first baculovirus gene identified to be involved in intranuclear microvesicle formation.