Autofocusing imaging: Imaging with primaries, internal multiples and free-surface multiples

Abstract

Summary Recent work on autofocusing with the Marchenko equation has shown how the Green's function for a virtual source in the subsurface can be obtained from reflection data. The response to the virtual source is the Green's function from the location of the virtual source to the surface. The Green's function is retrieved using only the reflection response of the medium and an estimate of the first arrival at the surface from the virtual source. Current techniques, however, only include primaries and internal multiples. Therefore, all surface-related multiples must be removed from the reflection response prior to Green's function retrieval. Here, we extend the Marchenko equation to retrieve the Green's function that includes primaries, internal multiples, and free-surface multiples. In other words, we retrieve the Green's function in the presence of a free surface. We use the associated Green's function for imaging the subsurface. The information needed for the retrieval are the reflection response at the surface and an estimate of the first arrival at the surface from the virtual source. The reflection response, in this case, includes the free-surface multiples; this makes it possible to include these multiples in the imaging operator and it obviates the need for surface-related multiple elimination.