Abstract
AimsThis study is based on two experiments, the first, with an exploratory character. The aim of which is to assess the capacity of native vs international pop songs (NAT vs INT) from two consecutive life stages, Reminiscence bump (RB) and the immediately subsequent period (No reminiscence bump, NORB) to elicit positive emotions and autobiographical memories.MethodA total of 15 middle-aged adults and 15 older adults participated in Experiment 1 (E1). Emotionality, song familiarity and associated autobiographical memories were assessed. Each participant was exposed to 20 randomly selected age-specific songs. Pre-and post-test measures of mood state were also included. Experiment 2 (E2) focused on late adulthood, using a sample of 35 persons. The experimental design was similar to that used in E1. However, this second experiment also included an analysis of the types of autobiographical memories generated by the experimental task and a study of their relationship with the characteristics of the songs, their familiarity and the emotions they produced, and the number of trials. The aim was to delve into the effects that influence the effectiveness of the induction procedure, particularly as regards emotional positivity and memory specificity.ResultsRegarding age effect, E1 results varied: under some conditions, emotionality showed no difference between groups, others showed positive older adult bias. In E2, the analysis of the relationships between memory types and the selected variables suggests the latter are not useful predictors of differences between memory types. The study design yielded a relatively high level of memory specificity and emotional positivity.ConclusionThe findings question positivity bias in the elderly. RB music produces different effects depending on age. Enculturation can be an important mediating factor in emotionality and memory. Finally, experimental design improves specific memory and positivity.
Highlights
This study investigates how popular songs can induce autobiographical emotional memories
The findings provide data that allow us to broaden the perspective and to more accurately use the variables involved in mood induction procedures based on music and memory, especially with regard to the effect of age, reminiscence bump, enculturation and emotional positivity, opening new avenues for future research
Regarding the life stage (LS)×age group effect, the results revealed significant interactions for the SAM variables, where the LS factor generated higher levels of valence in the Reminiscence bump (RB) period compared to no reminiscence bump (NORB), with significant differences and a higher effect between both periods in the older adult group, t(14) = 6.56, p < .001, d = 1.74, while the differences in the middle-aged adult group were non-significant, t(14) = 0.77, p =
Summary
This study investigates how popular songs can induce autobiographical emotional memories. A number of studies have suggested that the emotional responses evoked by music may be related to autobiographical memories [3,4,5]. In this line, it has been reported that some responses to music are influenced by learning [6], and appear to represent a mixture of cognitive and emotional components, suggesting a type of conditioning that is not always consciously available, these responses evoke emotional memories related to specific places, events or experiences [7]. The emotional response to music is coloured, and sometimes determined, by these contextual factors [8]
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