Abstract
BackgroundFor prostate cancer, signaling pathways induced by over-boarding stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) such as the endothelin, α1- and β-adrenergic, muscarinic and angiotensin 1 receptors were accused to support the carcinogenesis. However, excessive receptor stimulation by physiological receptor ligands is minimized by a control system that induces receptor sensitization and down-regulation. This system is missing when so-called “functional autoantibodies” bind to the GPCR (GPCR-AAB). If GPCR-AAB were found in patients with prostate cancer, uncontrolled GPCR stimulation could make these autoantibodies an additional supporter in prostate cancer.MethodsUsing the bioassay of spontaneously beating cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, GPCR-AAB were identified, quantified and characterized in the serum of 25 patients (aged 56–78 years, median 70 years) with prostate cancer compared to 10 male patients (aged 48–82 years, median 64) with urinary stone disorders (controls).ResultsOf the cancer patients, 24 (96%) and 17 (68%), respectively, carried autoantibodies directed against the α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AAB) and endothelin receptor A (ETA-AAB). No patient was negative for both GPCR-AAB. In contrast, ETA-AAB and α1-AAB were absent in all (100%) and 9 (90%) of the 10 control patients, respectively. While α1-AAB targeted a specific epitope of the first extracellular loop of the α1-adrenergic receptor subtype A, an epitope of the second extracellular loop of the ETA receptor was identified as a target of ETA-AAB. As demonstrated in vitro, the functional activity of both autoantibodies found in prostate cancer can be neutralized by the aptamer BC007.ConclusionsWe hypothesized that α1-AAB and ETA-AAB, which are highly present in prostate cancer patients, could by their functional activity support carcinogenesis by excessive receptor stimulation. The in vitro demonstrated neutralization of α1- and ETA-AAB by the aptamer BC007 could open the door to complement the treatments already available for prostate cancer.
Highlights
For prostate cancer, one of the most common cancers in men [1] various pathogenic players are discussed, including signaling pathways mediated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
In the present study we took a look at the GPCR-AAB situation in patients with prostate cancer where we found ETA-AAB as for patients with BPH/LUTS, but GPCR-AAB directed against the α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AAB)
An in-depth analysis with successive blocking experiments with receptor antagonists was necessary to find out which GPCR-AAB contributes to mixed activity
Summary
One of the most common cancers in men [1] various pathogenic players are discussed, including signaling pathways mediated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). To prevent or minimize hyper-stimulation of the GPCR-mediated signaling by their physiological ligands, cells have developed a complex system of mechanisms including GPCR desensitization and down-regulation with a pivotal role of GPCR kinases and β-arrestin as summarized in [14]. This GPCR self-controlling system does not work if so-called “functional autoantibodies” (GPCR-AAB) bind to the GPCR. For prostate cancer, signaling pathways induced by over-boarding stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) such as the endothelin, α1- and β-adrenergic, muscarinic and angiotensin 1 receptors were accused to support the carcinogenesis. If GPCR-AAB were found in patients with prostate cancer, uncontrolled GPCR stimulation could make these autoantibodies an additional supporter in prostate cancer
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