Abstract

Authors' short reply on RC1

Highlights

  • The atmosphere and the ocean form a complex system whose dynamical variability extends over a wide range of spatial and 20 temporal scales (Liu, 2012; Xue et al, 2020)

  • 380 First, by means of the Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) we have been able to detect oscillating patterns with time-dependent amplitude and phase that are directly linked to a rich variety of features of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system

  • We have found that the underlying structure of the 3-D projection of the full attractor is essentially reproduced by a subset of Multivariate Intrinsic Mode Functions (MIMFs) corresponding to the most relevant timescales without too much loss of information, further reducing the complexity of the reduced order model itself

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Summary

Introduction

The atmosphere and the ocean form a complex system whose dynamical variability extends over a wide range of spatial and 20 temporal scales (Liu, 2012; Xue et al, 2020). Annual processes like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Neelin et al, 1994; Meehl et al, 2003), while the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) affects extra-tropical Northern regions at seasonal and decadal timescales (Ambaum et al, 2001) The sources of these processes have been widely investigated by means of multiple data analysis methods and various types of modelling (e.g., Philander, 1990; Czaja and Frankignoul, 2002; Van der Avoird et al, 2002; Mosedale et al, 2006; Kravtsov 25 et al, 2007; Feliks et al, 2011; Liu, 2012; L’Hévéder et al, 2014; Farneti, 2017; Vannitsem and Ghil, 2017; Wang, 2019; Xue et al, 2020, and reference therein), highlighting how the atmospheric low-frequency variability (LFV) is strictly related to the ocean. By means of a 36-variable model displaying marked LFV Vannitsem et al (2015) demonstrated that the LFV in the atmosphere could be a natural outcome of the ocean-atmosphere coupling

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