Abstract
Basically, the comments were based on the knowledge as stated in the text: “Osmotic pressure., If there is no such membrane or, in other words, if the medium is connected as one in a continuous phase, osmotic pressure cannot be defined within the medium even if concentration gradient exists.” We respectfully disagree with this point, and have to say that this knowledge is incorrect. Actually, the osmotic pressure effect very commonly exists in activated sludge processes regardless that semi-permeable, ultrafiltration (UF),
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