Abstract
In intelligent vehicular networks, vehicles have enhanced sensing capabilities and carry computing and communication platforms to enable new versatile systems known as Vehicular Communication (VC) systems. Vehicles communicate with other vehicles and with nearby fixed equipment to support different applications, including those which increase driver awareness of the surroundings. This should result in improved safety and may optimize traffic. However, VC systems are vulnerable to cyber attacks involving message manipulation. Research aimed at tackling this problem has resulted in the proposal of multiple authentication protocols. Several existing survey papers have attempted to classify some of these protocols based on a limited set of characteristics. However, to date there is no generic framework to support the comparison of these protocols and provide guidance for design and evaluation. Most existing classifications either use computation complexity of cryptographic techniques as a criterion, or they fail to make connections between different important aspects of authentication. This paper provides such a framework, proposing a new taxonomy to enable a consistent means of classifying authentication schemes based upon seven main criteria. The main contribution of this study is a framework to enable protocol designers and investigators to adequately compare and select authentication schemes when deciding on particular protocols to implement in an application. Our framework can be applied in design, making choices appropriate for the intended context in both intra-vehicle and inter-vehicle communications. We demonstrate the application of our framework using two different types of case study: individual analysis and hypothetical design. Additionally, this work makes several related contributions. We present the network model, outline the applications, list the communication patterns and the underlying standards, and discuss the necessity of using cryptography and key management in VC systems. We also review the threats, authentication, and privacy requirements in vehicular networks.
Highlights
Car accidents kill or injure millions of people every year
The security of Hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) depends on the cryptographic strength of the underlying hash function, and the size and quality of the key used [10]
This paper addressed the development and evaluation of a taxonomy and framework, to provide comprehensive guidance on the design, evaluation, and analysis of authentication protocols in the public literature and future proposals
Summary
Car accidents kill or injure millions of people every year. The road safety report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 [1], collecting information from 180 countries, shows total fatalities connected with street traffic stabilized at 1.25 million a year. The department of motor vehicles or the department of transportation can provide everything related to authentication and key management in VANETs. B Public-key explicit certificate The public-key certificate is a data structure composed of two different parts, including a data part and a signature part. ARIB STD-T109 specifies a PHY similar to IEEE 802.11p, but operating on a center frequency of 760 MHz. The MAC layer described in this standard employs Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol to ensure that all the vehicles have enough time to send safety messages without collision and delay. The IEEE 1609.2 recommends these curves to use in the vehicular environments, and restricts the secret key size to become 256 bits (for NIST P-256 and BrainpoolP256r1) and 384 bits for (BrainpoolP384r1) Many security standards such as European ETSI TS 103 097 reference IEEE 1609.2 to ensure that the connected vehicles will operate safely, securely and efficiently. Public keys should change in such a way that an eavesdropper cannot link an old key with a new key
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