Abstract
Fat-spread products are a stabilized emulsion of water and vegetable oils. The whole fat content can vary from 10 to 90% (w/w). There are different kinds, which are differently named, and their composition depends on the country in which they are produced or marketed. Thus, having analytical solutions to determine geographical origin is required. In this study, some multivariate classification methods are developed and optimised to differentiate fat-spread-related products from different geographical origins (Spain and Morocco), using as an analytical informative signal the instrumental fingerprints, acquired by liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) in both normal and reverse phase modes. No sample treatment was applied, and, prior to chromatographic analysis, only the samples were dissolved in n‑hexane. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used as classification methods. In addition, several classification strategies were applied, and performance of the classifications was evaluated applying proper classification metrics. Finally, 100% of samples were correctly classified applying PLS-DA with data collected in reverse phase.
Highlights
Margarine is a water-in-oil emulsion derived from vegetable and/or animal fats, with a fat content ranging from 80 to 90% (w/w) and a milk fat content of no more than 3% (w/w) [1,2]
“shortening” refers to all fat produced from vegetal oils that are hydrogenated, i.e., they stay semisolid at room temperature
This paper presents a multivariate qualitative analytical method for authenticating the geographical origin of margarines and fat-spread products
Summary
Margarine is a water-in-oil emulsion derived from vegetable and/or animal fats, with a fat content ranging from 80 to 90% (w/w) and a milk fat content of no more than 3% (w/w) [1,2]. This emulsion remains solid at 20 ◦ C. “Fat-spread” is the generic name that is applied to any emulsion with a fat content ranging from 10 to 90%, whereas the term “vegetable shortening” or just “shortening” refers to all fat produced from vegetal oils that are hydrogenated, i.e., they stay semisolid at room temperature. The fat content of shortening is 100%
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