Abstract
1. The addition of vanadium to steel deoxidized with aluminum leads at low temperatures to slight grain refining due to the precipitation of vanadium carbides; at higher temperatures it goes into solution and the tendency to austenite grain growth is strong. 2. With combined additions of vanadium and nitrogen or niobium the austenite is greatly refined in the entire temperature range investigated, niobium reducing grain growth to a greater extent. Grain refining is due to vanadium nitride and niobium carbide.
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