Aura-3D: A Three-dimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Framework for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra

Abstract

Atmospheric retrievals of exoplanet transmission spectra allow constraints on the composition and structure of the day–night terminator region. Such retrievals in the past have typically assumed one-dimensional (1D) temperature structures which were adequate to explain extant observations. However, the increasing data quality expected from exoplanet spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) motivates considerations of multidimensional atmospheric retrievals. We present Aura-3D, a three-dimensional atmospheric retrieval framework for exoplanet transmission spectra. Aura-3D includes a forward model that enables rapid computation of transmission spectra in 3D geometry for a given atmospheric structure and can, therefore, be used for atmospheric retrievals as well as for computing spectra from general circulation models (GCMs). In order to efficiently explore the space of possible 3D temperature structures in retrievals, we develop a parametric 3D pressure–temperature profile which can accurately represent azimuthally averaged temperature structures of a range of hot Jupiter GCMs. We apply our retrieval framework to simulated JWST observations of hot Jupiter transmission spectra, obtaining accurate estimates of the day–night temperature variation across the terminator as well as the abundances of chemical species. We demonstrate an example of a model hot Jupiter transmission spectrum for which a traditional 1D retrieval of JWST-quality data returns biased abundance estimates, whereas a retrieval including a day–night temperature gradient can accurately retrieve the true abundances. Our forward model also has the capability to include inhomogeneous chemistry as well as variable clouds/hazes. This new retrieval framework opens the field to detailed multidimensional atmospheric characterization using transmission spectra of exoplanets in the JWST era.