Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of augmented feedback on participants’ workload, performance, and distribution of visual attention.BackgroundAn important question in human–machine interface design is whether the operator should be provided with direct solutions. We focused on the solution space diagram (SSD), a type of augmented feedback that shows directly whether two aircraft are on conflicting trajectories.MethodOne group of novices (n = 13) completed conflict detection tasks with SSD, whereas a second group (n = 11) performed the same tasks without SSD. Eye-tracking was used to measure visual attention distribution.ResultsThe mean self-reported task difficulty was substantially lower for the SSD group compared to the No-SSD group. The SSD group had a better conflict detection rate than the No-SSD group, whereas false-positive rates were equivalent. High false-positive rates for some scenarios were attributed to participants who misunderstood the SSD. Compared to the No-SSD group, the SSD group spent a large proportion of their time looking at the SSD aircraft while looking less at other areas of interest.ConclusionAugmented feedback makes the task subjectively easier but has side effects related to visual tunneling and misunderstanding.ApplicationCaution should be exercised when human operators are expected to reproduce task solutions that are provided by augmented visual feedback.
Highlights
IntroductionAutomation is present in many aspects of society, including areas such as process control, human transportation (e.g., driverless metro trains), and warehouse logistics
Automation is present in many aspects of society, including areas such as process control, human transportation, and warehouse logistics
The mean self-reported task difficulty was substantially lower for the solution space diagram (SSD) group compared to the No-SSD group
Summary
Automation is present in many aspects of society, including areas such as process control, human transportation (e.g., driverless metro trains), and warehouse logistics. Another approach, which is the focus of the current paper, would be to let the computer transform the available sensor data into intuitive visualizations for the task at hand. This approach may be attractive for systems designers who may want to ensure maximal operator compliance. This approach may involve risks in the unlikely case that the provided solution is invalid, for example, in cases where vital sensor data is missing or incorrect. We focused on the solution space diagram (SSD), a type of augmented feedback that shows directly whether two aircraft are on conflicting trajectories
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