Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review

Umile Giuseppe Longo,Vincenzo Candela,Giovanni Calabrese,Anna Marchetti,Sara Fioravanti,Giuliano Zollo,Lucia Giannone,Maria Grazia De Marinis,Vincenzo Denaro,Sergio De Salvatore

doi:10.3390/app11073253

Umile Giuseppe Longo, Vincenzo Candela + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073253

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Journal: Applied Sciences	Publication Date: Apr 5, 2021
Citations: 27	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Università Campus Bio-Medico

Abstract

Background: The application of virtual and augmented reality technologies to orthopaedic surgery training and practice aims to increase the safety and accuracy of procedures and reducing complications and costs. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarise the present literature on this topic while providing a detailed analysis of current flaws and benefits. Methods: A comprehensive search on the PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Embase database was conducted from inception to February 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used to assess the quality and potential bias of the included randomized and non-randomized control trials, respectively. Results: Virtual reality has been proven revolutionary for both resident training and preoperative planning. Thanks to augmented reality, orthopaedic surgeons could carry out procedures faster and more accurately, improving overall safety. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising technology with limitless potential, but, nowadays, its use in orthopaedic surgery is limited to preoperative diagnosis. Conclusions: Extended reality technologies have the potential to reform orthopaedic training and practice, providing an opportunity for unidirectional growth towards a patient-centred approach.

Highlights

Nowadays, Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are commonly adopted as operative and training tools for surgery
Materials and Methods The present paper focused on studies concerning the use of VR, AR and Artificial intelligence (AI) in orthopedic surgery
Three studies were included [27,32,33]. The authors of these studies reported that VR and AR were both excellent tools for preoperative planning

Summary

Introduction

Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are commonly adopted as operative and training tools for surgery. The user cannot interact with the external environment, including the patient, the operating room and surgical tools, and cannot see the digital content and reality at the same time. Both VR and AR represent a step forward in surgical training since they simulate multiple surgical cases [5,6,7]. The application of virtual and augmented reality technologies to orthopaedic surgery training and practice aims to increase the safety and accuracy of procedures and reducing complications and costs. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising technology with limitless potential, but, nowadays, its use in orthopaedic surgery is limited to preoperative diagnosis. Conclusions: Extended reality technologies have the potential to reform orthopaedic training and practice, providing an opportunity for unidirectional growth towards a patient-centred approach

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