Augmentation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity in plasma by thrombosis and by thrombolysis

Abstract

Both activation of platelets and elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) activity in plasma have been associated with acute myocardial infarction. Growth factors from platelet alpha-granules have been shown to increase PAI-1 synthesis in liver and endothelial cells in culture. The present study was designed to determine whether activation of platelets in vivo increases PAI-1 activity in plasma, thereby potentially attenuating thrombolysis.Carotid arteries in rabbits were stimulated with transluminal anodal current to initiate thrombosis manifested initially by cyclic flow variations known to reflect platelet activation. Flow was monitored with Doppler flow probes. Plasma PAI-1 activity (mean ± SEM) assayed spectrophotometrically increased from 6.8 ± 0.8 arbitrary units (AU)/ml to a peak of 19.1 ± 2.9 AU/ml (n = 15) 4.8 ± 0.6 h after the onset of cyclic flow variations. The magnitude of peak PAI-1 values correlated closely with the frequency and duration of antecedent cyclic flow variations.Complete thrombotic occlusion did not elevate PAI-1 beyond that seen with severe, repetitive partial occlusions (18.7 ± 4.6 vs. 19.6 ± 3.8 AU/ml). However, when recanalization of completely occluded vessels was induced with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasma PAI-1 increased more markedly (from 5.6 ± 0,7 to 112.8 ± 22.3 AU/ml, n = 11), exceeding the increase after corresponding intervals in animals in which t-PA failed to induce recanalization (from 5.2 ± 1.1 to 28.3 ± 6.1 AU/ml, n = 6).Thus, activation of platelets accompanying thrombosis or thrombolysis or both, markedly increases PAI-1 activity in plasma. Our results are consistent with the view that release of products from activated platelets in the setting of thrombolysis can increase synthesis of PAI-1, thereby attenuating thrombolysis. They suggest that optimal pharmacologic thrombolysis will require concomitant inhibition of activation of platelets or obviation of augmented synthesis of PAI-1, or both.