Abstract
Exposure to delayed sensory feedback changes perceived simultaneity between action and feedback [temporal recalibration (TR)] and even modulates the sense of agency (SoA) over the feedback. To date, however, it is not clear whether the modulation of SoA by TR is caused by a change in perceptual sensitivity or decision criterion of self-agency. This experimental research aimed to tease apart these two by applying the signal detection theory (SDT) to the agency judgment over auditory feedback after voluntary action. Participants heard a short sequence of tone pips with equal inter-onset intervals, and they reproduced it by pressing a computer mouse. The delay of each tone pip after the mouse press was manipulated as 80 (baseline) or 180 ms (delayed). Subsequently, the participants reproduced it, in which the delay was fixed at 80 ms and there was a 50% chance that the computer took over the control of the tone pips from the participants. The participants’ task was to discriminate who controlled the tone pips and to judge synchrony between tone pips and mouse presses. Results showed that the modulation of the SoA by the TR is caused by a shift in the decision criterion but not in the perceptual sensitivity of agency.
Highlights
Delay in the sensory feedback following our voluntary action disrupts our smooth interaction with the environment (e.g., Wegner and Wheatley, 1999; Cunningham et al, 2001b; Engbert et al, 2008; Morice et al, 2008)
The present study revealed three main findings
The distribution of the mean rate of “synchronous” response against the mean asynchrony under the computer-controlled trials, which can be regarded as the TWS, shifted its center in the direction of the delay
Summary
Delay in the sensory feedback following our voluntary action disrupts our smooth interaction with the environment (e.g., Wegner and Wheatley, 1999; Cunningham et al, 2001b; Engbert et al, 2008; Morice et al, 2008). One example is a telecommunication delay over the cellphone, which disrupts one’s smooth conversation with his or her partner. Another example is a response delay from a personal computer, which disrupts one’s rapid and smooth operations on the computer. We can return to a state of smooth sensorimotor coordination over the device with delayed feedback—we have adapted to the delay. When we are adapting to the delay, what is going on in our sensorimotor system?
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