Abstract
Sugar esters are non-ionic surfactants with amphiphilic properties of interest for the formulation of various products in the fields of detergents, foods, medicines, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and cosmetics. The properties of sugar esters depend on their degree of substitution (we consider degrees of substitution between 1 and 3 here) which guides their use. Sugar esters are biodegradable and non-toxic, and the demand for these compounds is high and continuing to increase. Indeed, interest in these compounds stems from the natural origin of the raw materials, the synthetic processes involved and the performance of the final product. The choice of reaction medium is crucial, to facilitate contact between reactants and prevent hydrolysis of the products. In this review, we provide an overview of the processes and synthesis routes for sugar ester production, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvent as non-usual media or with organized systems.
Highlights
Sugars are renewable resources ideal for the development of chemical synthesis of new biocompatible and biodegradable sugar-based surfactants (Silvestre et al, 2010)
The synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters has been the focus of considerable research efforts
Biosourced products are at the heart of major economic and industrial challenges, and, with the development of environmental regulatory constraints, the production and consumption of biosourced products have recently increased in response to strong consumer demand
Summary
Sugars are renewable resources ideal for the development of chemical synthesis of new biocompatible and biodegradable sugar-based surfactants (Silvestre et al, 2010). The first two approaches involve the synthesis of SFAEs with atypical solvents, such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). ILs containing the dicyanamide anion ([dca]) can dissolve up to 145 g/L glucose and Abbreviations: DS, degree of substitution; DES, deep eutectic solvent; ILs, ionic liquids; SEs, sucrose esters; SFAEs, sugar fatty acid esters.
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