Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) have become a mainstay in the management of osteoporosis and various other bone disorders. Fleisch et al. [ [1] Fleisch H. Russell R.G. Straumann F. Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature. 1966; 212: 901-903 Crossref PubMed Scopus (381) Google Scholar ] first described the biological traits of pyrophosphate analogues in 1968, effectively inhibiting calcium phosphate precipitation and dissolution in urine. Bisphosphonates act primarily on the bone when given in therapeutic doses, inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts therefore reducing the rate of bone resorption. BP have become first line agents in clinical guidance [ [2] Compston J. et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas. 2013; 75: 392-396 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar , [3] Watts N.B. et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2010; 16: 1-37 Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar ], demonstrating significant reduction in the rates of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women [ [4] Drake M.T. Clarke B.L. Khosla S. Bisphosphonates: mechanism of action and role in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83: 1032-1045 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (960) Google Scholar ].
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