Attributable risk of mortality associated with heat and heat waves: A time-series study in Kerman, Iran during 2005-2017.

Abstract

The association between heat or heat waves and mortality should often be reported in a way that makes it sensible by health policymakers. In this study we aimed to assess the effect of heat and heat waves on mortality using attributable risks during 2005-2017. Nine heat waves were defined using a combination of severity and duration of mean daily temperature. Heat wave effects were assessed using added and main effects. Added effects were assessed as a binary variable and main effects were assessed by comparing the median temperature (in heat wave days) to Minimum Mortality Temperature (MMT). The effects of heat, mild heat and extreme heat on mortality were also assessed. Distributed Lag Non-linear Models were used to assess the relations in a bi-dimensional perspective in which the quadratic b-spline was chosen as the basis function for the dimension of the exposure and the natural cubic b-spline was chosen for lag dimension. The backward perspective was used to estimate the attributable risks. The total mortality attributed to non-optimal temperatures for all days was 1.91% (CI 95%: -6.36, 8.47). The attributable risks (AR) were 2.23%, 2.02% and 0.25% for heat, mild heat and extreme heat days, respectively. AR was more for females and the above 65 years old groups than other groups in heat, mild heat and extreme heat days. While the stronger heat waves defined based on temperature above the 95 and 98th percentile had a significant attributable risk for total mortality in the added effects; the weaker heat waves (defined based on temperature above of the 90th percentile (HW1, HW2, HW3) had higher attributable risks, significant for HW1 and HW2, in the main effects. Apparently weaker heat waves show more immediate effects, while stronger heat waves increase mortality over several days.