Abstract

Abstract This article addresses the issue of elite male opinion in France toward women's suffrage on the eve of World War I. It is based on three poorly known sources from the years 1910–13—two published opinion surveys and the entries in an essay contest sponsored by the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques—revealing the attitudes of a sample of male social and political elites. Their opinions can be divided into three broad categories: those in favor, those firmly opposed, and those who expressed qualified support. Social conservatism with regard to change in general appeared to be an important element in male resistance. Those opposed or offering only qualified support adopted two major strands of reasoning: the reassertion of hierarchical sexual difference supported by nature, accompanied by the fear of sex warfare; and dissatisfaction with the existing form of “universal” manhood suffrage, leading to a call for electoral reform that would take precedence over any change in women's political status. But a surprising number also appeared uncertain, even ambivalent or ignorant, about the goals of the suffrage movement. Cet article interroge les opinions des hommes éminents en France sur le suffrage féminin à la veille de la Grande Guerre. L'étude examine trois sources peu connues—deux sondages d'opinion et dix soumissions dans un concours d'essais organisé par l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques—qui forment un échantillon des sentiments des élites sociales et politiques. Il en sort trois catégories principales de l'opinion : les hommes qui soutenaient l'égalité des sexes et les droits politiques des femmes ; ceux qui se montraient résolument contre le suffrage des femmes ; et ceux qui exprimaient leur confusion, ambiguïté, ou encore, ignorance sur la question posée. En fait, on retrouve dans la résistance masculine un conservatisme à l'égard de tout changement social. Les adversaires et ceux qui ont exprimé un soutien limité ont adopté deux types de raisonnement : l'affirmation de la hiérarchie de la différence sexuelle, associée à la peur de la guerre des sexes ; et le mécontentement à l'égard du suffrage « universel » masculin avec la demande de réformer le système électoral avant d'aborder les droits politiques des femmes.

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