Attitudes and Behaviours of Certified Winegrowers towards the Design and Implementation of Biodiversity Farming Strategies

Wendy Mcwilliam,Andreas Wesener

doi:10.3390/su13031083

Abstract

Substantial environmental impacts and loss of resilience occurs with conventional vineyard designs characterized by monotonous specialized production. Studies support the restoration of green infrastructure (GI) and introduction of other production systems as promising biodiversity design strategies. However, little is known about the degree to which winegrowers are implementing them. We surveyed Willamette valley, Oregon, certified sustainable winegrowers as potential early adopters of innovative biodiversity design strategies. Results revealed growers were implementing up to 11 different types of GI components, providing them with up to 16 different ecosystem services, and six disservices. The GI was implemented at three spatial scales, with growers pursuing a sharing GI design strategy at fine scales, and a sharing and sparing strategy at intermediate and farm-wide scales. Only biodynamic certified farmers had implemented valued additional production systems. Growers can improve the implementation of their biodiversity GI designs by adopting an integrated multi-system whole farm design approach. Key enablers for grower implementation of GI and/or additional production systems included: (1) Grower awareness and value of strategy’s ecosystem services and functions, (2) grower knowledge of their design and management, (3) certifier requirements for GI, (4) availability of land incapable of growing quality grapes, (5) availability of GI backup systems in case of failure, (6) low risk of regional pest outbreaks, (7) premium wine prices, and (8) strong grower environmental and cultural heritage ethics. Further research is required to identify effective ways to advance these enablers among growers, and within certification and government programmes, to improve the implementation of these strategies among growers.

Highlights

Grape vines were often part of mixed production systems resulting in multiple income streams
The first three categories of green infrastructure (GI) were spatially associated with vineyard blocks
The results indicate that these certified farmers implemented substitution/efficiency strategies to reduce their environmental impacts and risk of pest infestations, and pursued biodiversity strategies, through the retention, but infrequently restoration, of GI

Summary

Introduction

Grape vines were often part of mixed production systems resulting in multiple income streams. Farms produced crops other than just grapes, such as animal products, and/or lumber [1], on farm areas whose biophysical conditions best suited their growth. They had areas of vegetation, such as remnant forest, and riparian corridors, not directly related to production. Resulting vineyard landscapes are often biologically and visually homogenous [3], with wine grape vines, and little other vegetation, apart from cellar door landscaped areas (Figure 1)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion