Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and Triticum aestivum against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity.

Karema Abu-Elfotuh,Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem,Ahmad Salahuddin,Lubna Jamil,Ghada M Ragab

doi:10.3390/molecules26216752

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Method: Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl3), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl3), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl3), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl3). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. Conclusions: AlCl3 elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β–catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues.

Highlights

With increased human life expectancy, dementia constitutes one of the most significant social, economic, and public health issues
The Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group showed a shorter time spent in the target quadrant than that of the control group by 66.5%, but groups treated by fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or their combination showed a significant increase in the time spent in the target quadrant by 104.7%, 130.5%, and 171.7%, respectively, as compared to the AD group
Groups treated by wheatgrass produced an apparent increase in the time spent in the target quadrant compared to fluoxetine treatment

Summary

Introduction

With increased human life expectancy, dementia constitutes one of the most significant social, economic, and public health issues. AD is marked by pathophysiological abnormalities in the brain One of these abnormalities is the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) inside the neurons, which may contradict acetylcholine’s ability to influence synaptic transmission and initiate inflammatory processes [10]. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. Conclusions: AlCl3 elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. Conclusion: Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues

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